HIS 101


History 101 Spring 2023

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Class One, History 101

San Ysidro  Room 5204

Rich Gibson, PhD. Pennsylvania State University

Emeritus Professor, SDSU

Professor, SWC

Please display name cards in each class.

Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in!

Our Phantasmagoric Agenda

Why are things as they are?

We make our own history, but not in circumstances we chose.

“We can comprehend and change the world.” (Gibson)

Week One Meeting 1

February 28

1953 – James Watson and Francis Crick announce to friends that they have determined the chemical structure of DNA; the formal announcement takes place on April 25 following publication in April’s Nature 

1991 – The first Gulf War ends.

In most classes, we will ask, What IS up?”  That is a brief discussion of our social context which is, or will be, history. The exercise demonstrates connections of the past to the present.

Today, let us quickly list world crises that history can explain, and that as future historians, you will be able to make sense of things, Thus making better decisions about what to do.

Agenda:

1. The Class Size Problem, the pandemic, masks, and My Solutions

2. Questions:  Who are you?  From? Why are you here?  Why take this class? What are you curious about?

b.     Who is this professor anyway?  Details….I’m curious…

2.     What is history? What were you taught about history? How was it taught? Why? What do you remember most clearly? Why?

 3. Why have school? This is an examination of critical analysis, checking contradictions and searching for a material base.

***What is the promise and purpose of school?

***What are the main things going on in school?

***What is the social context of school?

***What cannot be taught in K12 schools?

***What is the critical nature of Public Schooling?

For next class–read the syllabus. I will show you how to find it.

4. If there is time, what’s up?

Week One Meeting 2 —

Please display name cards in each class.

Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in!

Our Phantasmagoric Agenda

Why are things as they are?

We make our own history, but not in circumstances we chose.

“We can comprehend and change the world.” (Gibson)

March 2

Quote of the Day | James baldwin quotes, Black history quotes, James baldwin

Lessons from White House disinformation a century ago: 'It's dangerous to believe your own propaganda'

How The Post obtained The Afghanistan Papers - The Washington Post

Our Agenda

What IS up?

***Russia and Ukraine–day after day

***NYTimes Obit on Attica

***Some additional crises on top of endless war, booming inequality (c0lor coded)

The c0vid, add–inflation, the end of the food stamp bonus, Biden will fail on student debt bailout,  and Trump ruined the branches of government, 5 Investigations of Trump, Immigration, January 6th,  and beyond.

It is a volatile world.

History can help as a line of defense

***You Can Learn a lot, selectively, from PBS–See Freedom Summer

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/freedomsummer/#part01

1. Questions about the syllabus?  Vietnam and Middle East Units, then back to chronology

2. Review: What is history? It is a battleground

3. Why have School? See questions in class one.

Week 2 Class 3

Please display name cards in each class.

Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in!

Our Phantasmagoric Agenda

Why are things as they are?

We make our own history, but not in circumstances we chose.

“We can comprehend and change the world.” (Gibson)

Image result for henry ford history is bunk

The World at War Series is online–here is the key battle of WWII-Stalingrad

March 7

1950 – Cold War: The Soviet Union issues a statement denying that Klaus Fuchs served as a Soviet spy.

American Experience Freedom Riders

https://www.pbs.org/video/american-experience-freedom-riders/

What is UP?

***Ukraine and WW3–See New Yorker Viewpoint–What is an Empire? What is Nationalism? Ruskies Use Mercenaries!!!!

***Coal Miners’ Strike Sold out after two years

1. Questions About Syllabus? It is on Canvas now but I do not use canvas much.

2. Review what is history

3. Why Have School??? See questions below.

4.     Chalmers Johnson (San Diegan author of the great Nemesis trilogy) says that Americans are so unaware of history they cannot connect cause and effect. Is that true? Why, or why not? Proof? What is our social context today?

Week 2 Meeting 4

Please display name cards in each class.

Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in!

Our Phantasmagoric Agenda

Why are things as they are?

We make our own history, but not in circumstances we chose.

“We can comprehend and change the world.” (Gibson)

History is a set of lies agreed upon. Napoleon Bonaparte

March 9th

1916 – Mexican RevolutionPancho Villa leads nearly 500 Mexican raiders in an attack against the border town of Columbus, New Mexico.

1945 – World War II: A coup d’état by Japanese forces in French Indochina removes the French from power

1945 – World War II: Allied forces carry out firebombing over Tokyo, destroying most of the capital and killing over 100,000 civilians

1954 – McCarthyismCBS television broadcasts the See It Now episode, “A Report on Senator Joseph McCarthy“, produced by Fred Friendly.

1987 – Chrysler announces its acquisition of American Motors Corporation (BIG FISH Eat Kittle Fish_

What is up?

***Ukraine–battle of Bachmud

***Mexico Murdered Americans and Kidnapped Americans found in two days—over 100,000 Mexicans still missing–including the students

***Protests in Georgia–the Country–another Color Revolution?

General Strike in France over Retirement Age and Women’s Strike in Iran

“I hate Trump passionately”—Tucker Carlson of Fox News

Our Agenda

***The real end of the Seal Story

***Continuing Why Have School after Corruption

What of PUBLIC Schooling?

What is the Material Base of Schools?

If there is time— We will work through the Master/Slave exercise here:  http://richgibson.com/masterslave2.htm  

Next week we will begin the Vietnam Unit–it’s on my main web page–you might want to begin to read it.

Week Three

A major bank failure (actually three) took place over the weekend. The government moved to bail out the banks in ways similar to 2008. Whether or not this will lead to a wider collapse is unclear. The brief video clip from “The Big Short” will give you an easy to understand explanation of why the 2008 collapse happened.

I believe several colleagues are not very aware of what happened on January 6–the fascist coup attempt at the capital. The US government report (whose views I do not share) is linked in the video clip below. Everyone in the US should be aware of that event.

Good health to you, every one. RG

March 16

Why are things as they are?

We make 0ur own history, but not in circumstances we chose.

134 History Quotes That Are Perfect For When You Are Living Through Historic Events | Bored Panda

What is Fascism?

https://richgibson.com/fascism.html

Battle of Iwo Jima | Facts, Significance, Photos, & Map | Britannica

1968 – Vietnam WarMy Lai Massacre occurs; between 347 and 500 Vietnamese villagers are killed by American troops.

124 My Lai Massacre War With Vietnam Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images

1988 – Iran–Contra affair: Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North and Vice Admiral John Poindexter are indicted on charges of conspiracy to defraud the United States

https://youtu.be/EDKhVBvGzU4

Long Live the Memory of the Paris Commune of 1871 (painting by Diego Rivera)

https://scontent.fsan1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/336336951_981782126120059_1201133925498835265_n.jpg?stp=dst-jpg_s960x960&_nc_cat=103&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=e3f864&_nc_ohc=NAM4DGetwrAAX-XTddU&_nc_ht=scontent.fsan1-1.fna&oh=00_AfBTJsfPP88w3HngsNR07m7RaJJSWmQOZuh2p2dihEnbIg&oe=641787AA

 

Our Agenda

What is UP?

Let us talk about Atmospheric Rivers vs Rain

Three Major Bank Failures took place in the last week. SVB, Standard, and Credit Suisse. The first to are US. The third is Swiss. Now, First Republic bank is up in the air.

Biden is bailing out the banks and the over-FDIC depositers.

This will amount to millions, perhaps billions, of dollars.

To millionaires.

But my friend, a teacher who has taught for twenty years in San Diego, won’t get bailed out, from 20 thousand dollars of student debt.

The US has had financial collapse after collapse. Why? What was done? Who gained?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economic_crises

What is a Ponzi scheme?

Below is a nice metaphor for the 2008 collapse.

The banks were bailed out at $12.9 trillion. Trillion! Millions of people lost their homes. Losses were socialized, profits were privatized.

How much is a trillion?

What did the bankers promise?

Frontline PBS on how the current financial crisis happened:

Age of Easy Money

 

Continuing the Master/Slave exercise in critical thinking. It is the classic Critique of Tyranny.

https://richgibson.com/masterslave.htm

If there is time–what is capitalism?Why repeated bank failures, financial crises?

List of Financial Crises

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economic_crises

Too Big To Fail is taken from a book by the same name. The movie is excellent, faithfully following the book.

Remember, what is imperialism

Then on to the unit on Vietnam.

Week Four

Why are things as they are?

We make our own history but not in circumstances we chose.

We can comprehend and change the world.

“politics is the gentle art of getting votes from the poor and campaign funds from the rich, by promising to protect each from the other.”
― Oscar Ameringer

Week of March 20

March 21

1921 – The New Economic Policy is implemented by the Bolshevik Party in response to the economic failure as a result of war communism.

Opinion | What Was Lenin Thinking? - The New York Times

1928 – Charles Lindbergh is presented

with the Medal of Honor for the first solo trans-Atlantic flight

Lindbergh, like Ford, was a fascist. Why is all this stuff named after them?

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/lindbergh-fallen-hero/

Dr. Seuss and Lindbergh | Lindbergh was an amazing pilot and… | Flickr

March 23

1919 – In Milan, Italy, Benito Mussolini founds his Fascist political movement

50 Mussolini Hanging Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images

https://richgibson.com/fascism.html

 

Extensions from Previous Discussions and readings

J.B. Foster’s short essay summarizing his book on the Great Financial Crisis   https://monthlyreview.org/2010/10/01/the-great-financial-crisis-three-years-on/

Lyrics (to the tune of John Brown’s Body)

Harvest of Loneliness–the Bracero Program, by Gil Gonzalez

https://www.google.com/search?q=harvest+of+loneliness&source=lnms&tbm=vid&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6nJOsueb9AhUlhe4BHby0CmkQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1024&bih=568&dpr=1#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:99c2e49a,vid:PcV2EOo-Xdc

What is UP?

***Twenty Years on, The IRAQ War

***LAUSD Fake Three Day Strike—And INFLATION and Planned Layoffs of Millions!

Continuing–What is Capitalism?

Pyramid of the Capitalist System Poster – IWW Store

https://richgibson.com/gateways.htm

Flash Boys | Michael Lewis | W. W. Norton & Company

Week of April 4th

Please display name cards in each class.

Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in!

Our Phantasmagoric Agenda

Why are things as they are?

We make our own history, but not in circumstances we chose.

“We can comprehend and change the world.” (Gibson)

Quotes From History (@saidfromhistory) / Twitter

April 4

1967 – Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his “Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence” speech in New York City’s Riverside Church. Exactly one year later he was murdered

Our Phantasmagoric Agenda:

***What’s Up?

Trump Indicted to appear in court today

War drags on in Ukraine–Why? Read Sun Tzu!

Tatarsky …..Kablooey!

 

Finland Joins Nato–history! Geography! Sun Tzu on War—again!

Nato Countries (now 31)  https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/nato_countries.htm

More?

How to think about how things change in the real world

https://richgibson.com/diamatoutline.html

https://richgibson.com/scedialectical4.htm

How would YOU draw history?

What is racism?

If there is time, on to Vietnam Wars

APRIL 6th

Please display name cards in each class.

Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in!

Our Phantasmagoric Agenda

Why are things as they are?

We make our own history, but not in circumstances we chose.

“We can comprehend and change the world.” (Gibson)

It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but, on the contrary, their social existence determines their consciousness. At a certain stage of their development the material forces of production in society come into conflict with the existing relations of production, or — what is but a legal expression for the same thing — with the property relations within which they had been at work before. From forms of development of the forces of production these relations turn into their fetters. Then comes the period of social revolution. Marx Critiqye of Political Economy.

Picture 1 of 1

1930 – At the end of the Salt March, Gandhi raises a lump of mud and salt and declares, “With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire

Mahatma Gandhi | Biography, Education, Religion, Accomplishments, Death, & Facts | Britannica

What IS Up?

More on Trump Indictments: Trump paid, over time, through lawyer Michael Cohen (who did a year for other crimes) Stormy Daniels, porn star and hooker, $130,000 for her time. Daniels’ story was killed by editor David Pecker.

Trump also paid another woman and a door man. He listed those expenses as legal fees, and filed that with election officials.

Trump is being investigated for, and will probably be indicted for, his role in the January 6th fascist coup attempt.

Who is Stormy Daniels? | The Independent

Trump is also being investigated for stealing top secret documents, hiding them in Mara-la-Go and deliberately failing to turn them over when demanded by authorities. This happened on several occasions.

He is also being investigated for financial crimes in NY State.

Maryland–new report on Catholic Clergy Child Rape https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2023/04/05/baltimore-archdiocese-catholic-sex-abuse-report/

America and the Taliban: Part One (full documentary) | FRONTLINE

Pending Questions

What is fascism? Socialism? Communism? Anarchism? Sexism?

We have defined capitalism, imperialism, racism, democracy, republic but if you have questions please ask.

Back to Vietnam at Dien Bien Phu (decisive battle 1954)

 

Week of April 11

Please display name cards in each class.

Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in!

Our Phantasmagoric Agenda

Why are things as they are?

We make our own history, but not in circumstances we chose.

“We can comprehend and change the world.” (Gibson)

When the missionaries came to Africa they had the Bible and we had the land. They said ‘Let us pray.’ We closed our eyes. When we opened them we had the Bible and they had the land. Desmond Tutu

April 11

Lyrics to Marseilles and full video of the French National Anthem, from the French Revolution:

https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/periods-genres/national-anthems/marseillaise-french-lyrics-meaning/

Buchenwald: Photos From the Liberation of the Camp, April 1945 | Time

1945 – World War II: American forces liberate the Buchenwald concentration camp.

Who Was General Douglas MacArthur? - MacArthur Museum Brisbane

1951 – Korean War: President Truman relieves Douglas MacArthur of the command of American forces in Korea and Japan.

Full movie–the Trial of Eichman

WHAT IS FASCISM?

https://richgibson.com/fascism.html

A Synopsis of Fascism And Social Revolution

https://richgibson.com/synopsisfascim.htm

Back to Vietnam (Duck and Cover!)

April 13

Please display name cards in each class.

Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in!

Our Phantasmagoric Agenda

Why are things as they are?

We make our own history, but not in circumstances we chose.

“We can comprehend and change the world.” (Gibson)

REMEMBER–LONG PAPERS DUE THIS WEEK! CATCH UP!

“The mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation. What is called resignation is confirmed desperation.” Henry David Thoreau

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znri_so-xxY

2017 – The US drops the largest ever non-nuclear weapon on Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan.

Our Phantasmagoric Agenda

What is UP?

***Conscription (the draft) in Russia

***Four sailors in the same Navy command in Norfolk, Virginia appeared to have died by suicide in less than a month. It’s the second time in a year that the Navy has been confronted with a rash of suicide deaths. Kayla Arestivo, co-founder of the nonprofit Trails of Purpose, joins Geoff Bennett to discuss the ongoing mental health crisis within the military. PBS

***UC Chancellor gets $500 thousand raise while UC has homeless students

UC San Diego chancellor given $500,000 pay raise to prevent him from taking presidency at unnamed private school

America and the Taliban Part 2

https://www.pbs.org/video/america-and-the-taliban-part-two-lf2bs7/

 

Back to Vietnam–The Chinese Cultural Revolution!

Week of April 17

Please display name cards in each class.

Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in!

Our Phantasmagoric Agenda

Why are things as they are?

We make our own history, but not in circumstances we chose.

“We can comprehend and change the world.” (Gibson)

We can learn from history, but we can also deceive ourselves when we selectively take evidence from the past to justify what we have already made up our minds to do.” Diderot

April 18

 

1945 – Italian resistance movement: In Turin, despite the harsh repressive measures adopted by Nazi-fascists, a great pre-insurrectional strike begins

1988 – In Israel John Demjanjuk is sentenced to death for war crimes committed in World War II, although the verdict is later overturned

What is Up?

***Gitmo Torture Demo in Trial

***Fat Leonard and the Corrupt Navy

‘Sad, distraught’: New court filing adds details to last weeks before ‘Fat Leonard’ escape

https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/courts/story/2023-04-13/fat-leonard-officer-new-trial-motion[

Leonard Francis' mugshot is taken after his capture in Venezuela by Interpol.

***Dominion Voting Machines vs Fox News

***A Synopsis of Sun Tzu–why couldn’t the US Generals in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Vietnam, learn from Sun Tzu?

Back to Vietnam and the aftermath–recapturing the empire

Remember the Chicago Seven (eight)


 

 

April 19 and 20

Please display name cards in each class.

Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in!

Our Phantasmagoric Agenda

Why are things as they are?

We make our own history, but not in circumstances we chose.

“We can comprehend and change the world.” (Gibson)

Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall. - Confucius

Too many of our colleagues are too far behind. By now, you should have submitted two short essays and one long one. CATCH UP!

April 19

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943.

April 20

1914 – Nineteen men, women, and children participating in a strike are killed in the Ludlow Massacre during the Colorado Coalfield War

 

Vintage 1975 The Incredible Rocky Comic Book Magazine Rockefeller Joel Andreas | eBay

TIME Magazine Cover: Fidel Castro - Jan. 26, 1959 - Fidel Castro - Cuba - Communism - Revolutionaries - Latin America

Text Description automatically generated

Investigators say near-collision of Navy ships in San Diego Bay was a preventable incident

April 20, 1889

How Hitler used a lie about November 9 as the foundation for the Third Reich

Trump issues NFT Playing Cards Part 2

PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP JESUS & JOHN WAYNE SIGNED AUTOGRAPH 8.5X11 PHOTO REPRINT - Picture 1 of 3

He's a Lot of Fun to Be With”: Inside Jeffrey Epstein and Donald Trump's Epic Bromance | Vanity Fair

Trump with Epstein and G. Maxwell

Back to Vietnam after the Pentagon Papers

On To Mayday 1971

But, What is the significance of Mayday?

And how is May 1 celebrated in the US today?

Week of April 25

Please display name cards in each class.

Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in!

Catch up! Catch Up! Catch UP!

Our Phantasmagoric Agenda

Why are things as they are?

We make our own history, but not in circumstances we chose.

We can comprehend and change the world.

“Even the finest sword plunged into salt water will eventually rust.” Sun Tzu (Think Vietnam).

April 25

2001 – President George W. Bush pledges U.S. military support in the event of a Chinese attack on Taiwan

2014 – The Flint water crisis begins when officials at Flint, Michigan switch the city’s water supply to the Flint River, leading to lead and bacteria contamination upon the citizens

Flint’s Deadly Water

What is UP?

***Biden Running Again–at 80

***So Long, Tucker! So long, Don! Media firings!

*Corrupt SCOTUS Thomas

***PBS Frontline America vs the Taliban part 3 airs tonight and will be online–watch it! We will do SE Asia and Iraq soon.

***Trump on trial for Rape

***Musk’s Three BILLION dollar failure (yuk yuk)

***Harry Belefonte Died

On To Vietnam and a Great New Book!

Our Agenda April 27

Please display name cards in each class.

Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in Sign in!

Why are things as they are?

We make our own history, but not in circumstances we chose.

“We can comprehend and change the world.” (Gibson)

April 27

1978 – John Ehrlichman, a former aide to U.S. President Richard Nixon, is released from the Federal Correctional Institution, Safford, Arizona, after serving 18 months for Watergate-related crimes

What is Up?

***Don’t Forget Mayday, the International Workers’ Holiday!

The Brief Origins of May Day | Industrial Workers of the World

***Israel!

***Trump on Trial

***Killer Alec Baldwin back on “Rust”

***Two New Books!

Required Reading in Florida Schools (only 99 dollars)

Admiral McRaven (Seal Boss)

The Wisdom of the Bullfrog: Leadership Made Simple (But Not Easy) by [Admiral William H. McRaven]

On To S.E. Asia and the Middle East

TOP 11 QUOTES BY LUCY PARSONS | A-Z Quotes

Walter P. Reuther Library (46036) Posters, Anti-War Movement, Military Drafts, 1980s

Week of Mayday! The International Workers holiday!

 

History Quotes, History Picture Quotes & Quotations

May 2nd

 

World War II: The Soviet Union announces the fall of Berlin.

1964 – Vietnam WarAn explosion sinks the American aircraft carrier USNS Card while it is docked at Saigon. Two Viet Cong combat swimmers had placed explosives on the ship’s hull.

Code Over Country: The Tragedy and Corruption of SEAL Team Six

Questions? Comments? Criticism? Jokes?

Back to the Middle East and S.E. Asia

May 4th

Sign In!

We can comprehend and change the world.

We are responsible for our own history but not our birthrights

History will be kind to me for I intend to write it. Winston Churchill

 

1886 – Haymarket affair: In Chicago, United States, a homemade bomb is thrown at police officers trying to break up a labor rally, killing one officer. Ensuing gunfire leads to the deaths of a further seven officers and four civilians MAYDAY ORIGINS!

1970 – Vietnam WarKent State shootings: The Ohio National Guard, sent to Kent State University after disturbances in the city of Kent the weekend before, opens fire killing four unarmed students and wounding nine others.

Children sing for King’s Coronation

What is Up?

NO CLASS TUESDAY. Next THURSDAY IS OUR LAST CLASS!

***Droning Kremlin and Putin! Ukraine? False Flag? Coup Plotters? Who?

What we know so far about the alleged drone attack on the Kremlin | Russia-Ukraine war News | Al Jazeera

***So Long, History!

***Proud Boys Convicted of Sedition

Back to the Middle East and South East Asia–on to the Arab Spring (farce)

Week of May 8th

Sign in!

Please display name cards

Why are things as they are?

We make our own histories but not in circumstances we chose.

We can comprehend and change the world.

“America goes not abroad in search of monsters to destroy.” John Quincy Adams, former president.

What is it to be free?

Portfolios due May 25!

In History

May 9 1800 John Brown Born–accelerator abolitionists who helped end slavery

May be an image of 1 person

1846 – The Donner Party of pioneers departs Independence, Missouri for California, on what will become a year-long journey of hardship and cannibalism    Of the 87 members of the party, 48 survived the ordeal. 

1998 – India conducts three underground atomic tests in Pokhran.

This week: 20th Anniversary of Iraq War Invasion—based on Lies (don’t notice)

https://www.c-span.org/video/?526698-1/20th-anniversary-iraq-war

What is UP?

Trump found guilty of libel and defamation in Caroll case–Owes her $5 million. CNN gave Trump Ninety Minutes of Prime Time on Wednesday? He lied!!!!!

***Waco, Timothy Mcveigh, to Ramsi Yousef (tried to blow up WTC) to Trump (“I am the retribution.”

The fascist, racist, sexist, anointed with oil as defenders of Protestants,  Brit monarchs (read Tom Paine, this is America),crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury.

The coronation cost 250 million.

Rep George Santos (who lied about everything) charged with money laundering, stealing public funds, wire fraud, lying to congress, etc., but he remains in Congress.

This is Clarence Thomas. He is on the Supreme Court and has been for about 30 years. He accepts hundreds of thousand of dollar in vacations, etc. from a right-wing billionaire. Thomas is a religious fanatic–or hypocrite?

Senate Democrats ask billionaire Harlan Crow to list gifts to Clarence Thomas and any other justices

Inflation and the many crises we listed in our first class (supreme court, presidency, congress, imperial  wars, pandemic (not over) border crisis (and the “Beast”) segregation and school inequality, booming mysticism, persist. With an education, we can overcome

Pakistan is descending into chaos.

Descent into Chaos: The U.S. and the Disaster in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia

 

Now, in my everlasting effort to not be boring, let us take this poem and see how it might apply to connecting some history we know is ahead, and how it connects to what we have done in class.

  Life travels upward in spirals.

        Those who take pains to search the shadows

         of the past below us, then, can better judge the

         tiny arc up which they climb,

more surely guess the dim

         curves of the future above them.

Review what we did and fond farewells. I will miss you. Thank you so much for your kindness–especially on my birthday.  Now a note from Charlie and Woody. RG (Remember, portfolios due May 25!)